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- ***********************************
- * Multicopper oxidases signatures *
- ***********************************
-
- Multicopper oxidases [1,2] are enzymes that possess three spectroscopically
- different copper centers. These centers are called: type 1 (or blue), type 2
- (or normal) and type 3 (or coupled binuclear). The enzymes that belong to
- this family are:
-
- - Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) (urishiol oxidase), an enzyme found in fungi and
- plants, which oxidizes many different types of phenols and diamines.
- - Ascorbate oxidase (EC 1.10.3.3), a higher plant enzyme.
- - Ceruloplasmin (EC 1.16.3.1) (ferroxidase), a protein found in the serum of
- mammals and birds, which oxidizes a great variety of inorganic and organic
- substances. Structurally ceruloplasmin exhibits internal sequence homology,
- and seem to have evolved from the triplication of a copper-binding domain
- similar to that found in laccase and ascorbate oxidase.
-
- In addition to the above enzymes there are a number of proteins which, on the
- basis of sequence similarities, can be said to belong to this family. These
- proteins are:
-
- - Copper resistance protein A (copA) from a plasmid in Pseudomonas syringae.
- This protein seems to be involved in the resistance of the microbial host
- to copper.
- - Blood coagulation factor V (Fa V).
- - Blood coagulation factor VIII (Fa VIII).
-
- Factors V and VIII act as cofactors in blood coagulation and are structurally
- similar [3]. Their sequence consists of a triplicated A domain, a B domain and
- a duplicated C domain; in the following order: A-A-B-A-C-C. The A-type domain
- is related to the multicopper oxidases.
-
- We have developed two signature patterns for these proteins. Both patterns are
- derived from the same region, which in ascorbate oxidase, laccase, in the
- third domain of ceruloplasmin, and in copA, contains five residues that are
- known to be involved in the binding of copper centers. The first pattern does
- not make any assumption on the presence of copper-binding residues and thus
- can detect domains that have lost the ability to bind copper (such as those in
- Fa V and Fa VIII), while the second pattern is specific to copper-binding
- domains.
-
- -Consensus pattern: G-x-[FYW]-x-[LIVMFYW]-x-[CST]-x(8)-G-[LM]-x(3)-[LIVMFYW]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for Emericella nidulans laccase.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 8 other proteins and Thiobacillus
- ferrooxidans rusticyanin which is also a copper-binding protein, but which
- belong to the type-1 copper proteins family (see the relevant section).
-
- -Consensus pattern: H-C-H-x(3)-H-x(3)-[AG]-[LM]
- [The first two H's are copper type 3 binding residues]
- [The C, the 3rd H, and L or M are copper type 1 ligands]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: only domains
- that bind copper.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Last update: October 1993 / Patterns and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Messerschmidt A., Huber R.
- Eur. J. Biochem. 187:341-352(1990).
- [ 2] Ouzounis C., Sander C.
- FEBS Lett. 279:73-78(1991).
- [ 3] Mann K.G., Jenny R.J., Krishnaswamy S.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:915-956(1988).
-